The authors use drainage area to substitute the urban river basin and better illustrate the relationship between water quality and urban land use by taking full consideration of plain urban specificity. Based on 11 rivers’ pollutants in Tianjin Costal region and RS image, GIS is used to analyze the qualitative correlation between land use data in drainage area and urban river water quality, hoping to provide method and theories support to analysis the rivers’ pollutants in plain urban area. The results show that the urban construction land use will increase the water pollutant such as Pb and Hg; the arable land will increase the organic pollutants level; the grass land and water body will serve as the cleaner of the pollutants and help to improve the water quality.

Using the geodetic surveying data from 1980 to 2005, temporal and spatial distribution of land subsidence in the city area of Tianjin is implemented based on GIS tool. The results show that holistic subsidence rate reduces during 26 years and is increasing from shoreline to inland. Over-exploitation of groundwater is the most important anthropogenic influencing factor, and the secondary consolidation of soft clay is the main natural influencing factor. Restricting groundwater exploitation strictly is an effective measure to control land subsidence.

Based on the periodic, trending, and stochasticcharacteristics of secular tide gauge data, a predictive methodology using stochastic-dynamic model was present to the sea level change research. The periodic term was resolved by wavelet and spectrum analysis. Stepwise regression was applied to the trending term analysis. The residual sequence was fitted by autoregression moving average model. Least-squares iteration method was applied for parameter estimation ofthe superposition model, which was composed of significant period model, trending term model and the residual sequenceautoregression moving average model. The stochasticdynamic model is applied to 57 years’monthly mean sea level data from Tanggu tide gauge for case study. The results show that the predictive methodology based on stochastic-dynamic model is feasible and efficient in sea level change prediction. Considering the high accuracy of modeling and predicting, this methodology can be used as a reference for future studies in sea level change.

The authors explore an approach on large scale of regional ecological risk assessment, and implement the integrated assessment of China, so as to provide scientific support for eco-system risk recognition and risk prevention. Select the 10 natural disasters as ecological risk sources, 22 species of the ecosystem as risk receptors and consider eco-environmental vulnerability. The integrated ecological risk assessment and mapping are conducted, on the basis of evaluating ecological risk by individual disaster and overlaying various risk evaluation by GIS. The result shows that the high, medium risk level of eco-system areas account for 45% of China’s territory. The environmental protection and risk prevention are very important and need to go a long way. It is imperative to establish adaptive disaster reduction and risk prevention mechanisms, make rational use and conservation for the forests, grassland, farmland, wetlands and other ecosystems.

On the basis of the integrated ecological risk assessment of China, this research chooses the risk sources data as the main source of uncertainties to analyze their impact to the risk value calculation and the sensitivities of the risk value to them. Monte Carlo smulation method is used to perform these proprieties for each pixel throughout the country with the special scale of 10 km×10 km. In the simulation progress for each pixel, the uncertainty is set firstly, and then the probability distribution of the risk source levels are computed according to their frequency statistics for at least last 50 years. At last, the simulation of risk value is carried out reference to the equitation of integrated ecological risk assessment. Meanwhile, the sensitivities of the risk value to all risk sources are got in term of Spearman rank correlation coefficients, the variance contribution of which can be used to figure out the sensitivity structure of all risk sources. The uncertainties are set as 50% and 25% to indicate high uncertainty and low uncertainty respectively, and the simulation times is set as 10000 for each pixel. The results show that 1) the simulated mean risk values are close to the calculated risk values, the ratio of them for all pixels are concentrated in 0.80?1.20 with either high or low uncertainty, and 0.95?1.05 for low uncertainty, although some differences exist between different hazard regions; 2) the simulated maximum risk values are also close to the calculated risk values, which are mostly less than one and a half of the calculated, except for the Qinghai-Tibet region; 3) for the whole country, three main risk sources that the risk value most sensitive to are droughts, floods and landslides/debris flows.

The authors bring forward the concept of ideal forest equivalent, and takes it as the reference to measure green space service value. Base on GIS, the authors conduct relative assessment of green space ecosystem service in Beijing region (excluding central urban district) by inputting a series of data, such as remote sensing information, DEM, land use map, statistics and climate data. The assessment results are as follows: 1) The eco-service function amounts of Beijing green space is 555234 ideal forest equivalents, which correspond to cover 36. 38% of ideal forest in area; 2) Among the green space types, forest has the largest proportion of service functions, which is followed by wetland, garden and farmland; but the order of unit green space service functions are (from maj or to minor) : wetland, forest, garden, grass land, farmland and barren land; 3) Among the service functions, modulation is more than supply and culture service; 4) In view of the function distribution, from the urban function extended district, via the new districts of urban development, to the ecological preservation districts, the comprehensive evaluation value are gradually increased; 5) Compared to the ideal state, there are still more potential to improve and rise green space service functions in Beijing region. Finally, this paper put forward relevant countermeasures for ecosystem construction.

The advantages and disadvantages of marine resources utilization can be foundthrough regional differences evaluation, which can be provided as the basis of taking measures to improve comprehensive benefits of marine resources utilization. Eleven coastal provinces of China are studied. Fifteen indices dividedinto 3 groups (economic benefits, social benefits and environmental enefits) are selected to build an index systemfor marine resources utilization evaluation. Based on niche ecostate-ecorole theory, the niche breadths of each province are calculated to represent the different benefits of marine resources utilization. Applying polygon synthesis indicator method for the integrated index calculation, regional differences of the 11 coastal provinces are evaluated for marine resources utilization benefits analysis. The results indicate that regional differences of marine resources utilization benefits are distinct amongthe 11 coastal provinces in China; the predominant provinces in marine resources utilization are Shanghai, Guangdong, and Tianjin, whose resources utilization is more effectivethan other provinces; the integrated indices of comprehensive benefits of the 11 coastal provinces are low as a whole, which indicates that there are great needs to improve the utilization benefits of marine resources; enhancing resources utilization efficiency and resisting marine hazards are the common needs for most coastal provinces.

This paper introduces the wavelet tool and 4 indexes to quantify the temporal characteristics of tourist flows. Based on the monthly visitor data from 1994-2006 and daily visitor data from 2003-2006 which were mainly collected through JDS (Jiuzhaigou digital system), the multi-time scales characteristics of tourist flow along the time series were analyzed by using the morlet wavelet transform. The complex structure of multi-time scales are exhibited, also, the periodic oscillation and the main periods of tourist flows at different scales are identified through Wavelet Toolbox in MATALAB 7.3. The results show that 1) during 1994-2006, the number of tourists increased rapidly in the way of cubic function and curve of tourists had apparently 3 peaks in July-August, October, and May respectively; 2) at the month scale, the trend of tourist fluctuation decreased overtime; 3) in the past 13 years, there was an approximately 1 year period in the tourist time series. Furthermore, 50-70 days was another period in 2003-2006. After applying wavelet tool to analysis tourist flows, this article argues that the localization characteristics of time-frequency for wavelet analysis can effectively demonstrate the detailed structures of tourist flows. Wavelet is a promising method to analyze temporal characteristics of tourist flows, and the findings can provide a scientific guideline for adjusting and controlling tourist flows.

Taking Beijing region as a case study, changes of green-space patterns are tracked by analyzing the data of land use. Green-space is very important to planning overall nature and human being in the development of cities. Applying spatial analytical methods of GIS, the green-space information is picked up from the map of land use survey in 1996 and 2004. Basing on gradient analysis of sample zones and buffers, the character of changes of green-space patterns and its influence factors are found that green-space in the suburb changed the most observably and the decreasing areas were mostly along the roads. Because of the difficulty of uncertainty of change and decision-making, the adaptive management countermeasures should be introduced, including renovating development ideas and planning scientifically in order to ease up the drastic competition between different land uses in Beijing.

The model of Patch-dynamics was applied to simulate the land cover based on land change data. The results indicated that the percentage of arable land in total area will continue to descend while urban construction and forest land will ascend along time. The model of Patch-dynamics is better than traditional simple dynamics model in that it takes into a account the change process of simulation's object and interaction of different land use type. Compared with actual condition in 2001, the difference between the results of Patch-dynamics model and actual condition lies between 0 and 0.05 and has small difference for little percentage of land use type. The result makesclear that the model of Patch-dynamics can simulate the change condition of future scene. However, the model of Patch-dynamics can only apply to ten-year scale of land use change. The longer the simulation period, the more the simulation relative error. The conflict of land use should be harmonized, the urban green space should also be maintained, and some suggestions about land use and urban green space have been carried out.

Forest ecosystem plays an important role in supplying and maintaining ecosystem services in the situation of rapid economic development in Shandong province. Forest ecosystem services are divided into four facets: production, recreation, air quality improvement and water-soil conservation. Forest ecosystem services' values of the different counties are accounted by using the eco-economy evaluation methods. Based on the forest ecosystem services' values and mechanism analysis, an integrated assessment index system was established, which consisted of six indexes. The integrated assessment index system described the services at three aspects such as structure, density, and quality. By using the Polygon Synthesis Indicator method, each country got an score of integrated assessment. As a result, only 0.39 percent of the total area in Shandong province scores from 0.75 to 1 (gradeⅠ), 2.37 percent scores from 0.5 to 0.75 (gradeⅡ), 41.65 percent scores from 0.25 to 0.5 (grade Ⅲ), and 55.59 percent scores from 0 to 0.25 (grade Ⅳ). The results indicate that the forest ecosystem services of most countries in Shandong province is poor. According to the integrated assessment, some advices are proposed.

Coastal zone is an interface region by geo-sphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, and also mostly affected by human activities. Driven by urbanization, population and economic activities are fast concentrating in coastal zones, resulting in a series of land use conflicts, especially in the developing countries at economic transition time. Shandong Peninsula is located in the East China. There are six big cities along the coast of the Peninsula. They are Tsingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Weifang and Dongying cities. Along with fast urbanization, there are large changes in land use and land covers. From 1990 to 2003, the cultivated land all decreased in every city, other decreased land use types were grassland, water area and unused land. At the same time, constructed land, garden land and woodland increased. A series of land use conflicts issues must be envisaged. The mostly expressive are three types of conflicts: those between expanding constructed land and decreased cultivated land; those between land resource utilization and conservation; and those between increasing demand for land and degrading land quality. All in all, they reflect the fundamental conflict between short-term economic development and long-run food/ecosystem security. This paper puts forward the approach to coordinate land use conflicts: (1) updating concepts—intensive land use and smart growth, (2) planning order—construct regional security pattern firstly, (3) multi-proposals—land gross control combining rigidity and flexibility, (4) space allocation—functional restriction and compatibility, (5) mechanism and policy—communicate, participate, equitable and all winning. Through controlling the gross area of various types of land uses, improving land use efficiency, and using flexible policies, we attempt to resolve the conflicts between fast urbanization and resultant resource and environment problems, so as to realize integrated and coordinated coastal management.

The simulating experiment constructed a series of "wetland buckets" containing soil polluted by petroleum and some wetland plants from the Yellow River Delta. Through monitoring the growth of wetland plants (mainly common reed and cattails) and assaying O/G and TPH in soils according to timelapse, the function of wetland degrading oil pollution was validated. The petroleum pollutants in the surface layer of soil were decreased by eluviations and degradation. For some wetland plants such as reed and cattail, a small quantity of petroleum pollutants did not form deadly menace, their growing tallness was positive correlated with water deepness. Therefore, wetland buffer can be constructed to reduce the impact of petroleum pollution and plant adaptive wetland vegetation so as to improve the environment of oil field.

Through the case study of the wetland in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) delta, the concept of regional ecological risk assessment is inquired into, and a set of assessment method was developed. The main process of regional ecological risk assessment includes 5 stages: regional analysis, risk receptor selection, risk sources analysis, exposure and hazard analysis, and integrated risk assessment. Arming at flood, drought, storm tide, petroleum pollution accident and flow breaking in the lower Huanghe River, the probability and distribution of each kind of risk sources are evaluated. The authors bring forward indexes and formulas to measure hazarded degree and risk value of ecosystem. By using remote sensing data, historic record, survey data and by means of geographical information system (GIS), regional ecological risk assessment is finished. On the basis of assessment result, the environmental risk management countermeasure of the Huanghe River delta is advanced.